INCREASE YOUR INTERNET CONNECTION SPEED UPTO 200%

INCREASE YOUR INTERNET CONNECTION SPEED UPTO 200%

This article describes how to speed up your Internet connection without use of web accelerators, and is geared towards Windows and Internet Explorer.

• Check to see if faster internet connections are in your area. Fiber optic and cable internet tend to be faster than DSL and Dial-Up.
• Do some basic maintenance on your PC. Run Disk Defrag, a scan disk, a virus scan, a malware scan, and clear your recycle bin. An unusually slow Internet connection experience is often the only sign that your computer is infected with viruses or other malware. Delete old files and temporary files. Never allow the free space on your C: drive to be less than 10% of the total size or twice the installed RAM (which ever is larger). A well maintained PC will operate much better than a PC that has never had any maintenance. Google or your local computer repair store should be able to help you with this if you don't know how or you can use any good system cleaner and PC optimizer tool for free such as [ Registry Cleaner and Wise Disk Cleaner] or purchase something.Reset Your Home Network. Sometimes restarting (or unplugging and replugging the electric power on) your home network or your router -- if you have one -- will drastically increase the speed of your connection.
• Check your home network equipment in general. If you have multiple computers sharing a connection, make sure all the computers are physically connected to a router or switch, and not just to a hub. Hubs are "dumb", low-level equipment, while routers are capable of prioritizing and directing traffic effectively.
• Optimize your cache or temporary Internet files. These files improve your Internet connection performance by not downloading the same file over and over. When a web site puts their logo graphic on every page your computer only downloads a new one when it changes.
• 
  
• Caution: If you delete the temporary files (graphics and such), they must be downloaded again when you go to that site. If you disable the cache (loaded software, data), then it must be downloaded every time you view the page that uses it. This can be fixed by opening Internet Explorer, clicking on "Tools" at the top and choosing "Internet Options". On the General tab, click the "Settings" button next to Temporary Internet Files. Set a check mark for newer versions to handle downloading new versions "Automatically". Set the amount of disk space to use to 2% of your total harddisk size or 512 MB, which ever is smaller. On Firefox, click "Tools" then "Options," and go to the privacy tab. Then click on the Cache tab within this to set it to automatic.
• If you are using a Wireless router, make sure it doesn't conflict with a cordless phone or wireless camera. Wireless routers come in three varieties; 802.11 b, g, and n (2.4Ghz) or 802.11 a (5.8Ghz) If you are using a 2.4Ghz Cordless phone and 2.4Ghz Wireless router then your Internet connection speed will slow while you use the cordless phone. The same is true of wireless security cameras. Check on your phone and camera, if it's 900Mhz then it's fine. If it says 2.4Ghz or 5.8Ghz then it could be the cause of your slow connection speed while they're in use.
• Call your Internet service provider (ISP). Sometimes you just have bad service. They can usually tell if your connection is substandard without having a technician come to your home. Just be nice and ask.
• Upgrade your computer. If your computer is slow, it doesn't matter how fast your Internet connection is, the whole thing will just seem slow. You can only access the Internet as fast as your PC will allow you to.
• Upgrade your router/firewall equipment. Specifically, look into any speed specifications (many older routers are not capable of transmitting to/from the internet faster than 10 Mbps, even though the local ports transmit in 100 Mbps). Also, older routers may be underpowered, so that even though the theoretical speed is 10 Mbps, the processor on the router is too weak to reach maximum speed.
• Upgrade your router firmware. Check the manufacturer's web site for firmware downloads for your router. Compare this with your version, and upgrade if necessary. Most routers have web interfaces for managing this, check for any labels on your router specifying default address, username and password.
• Replace your old cable modem. Any solid-state electronics will degrade over time due to accumulated heat damage. Your broadband modem will have a harder and harder time 'concentrating' on maintaining a good connection as it gets older (signal to noise ratios will go down, and the number of resend requests for the same packet will go up). An after-market cable modem as opposed to a cable-company modem will frequently offer a better connection.
• Often your connection speed is slow because other programs are using it. To test if other programs, such as anti-virus and other updates, are accessing the Internet without your knowing, Click Start, Click Run. Type "cmd" (without quotes). Type "netstat -b 5 > activity.txt". After a minute or so, hold down Ctrl and press C. This has created a file with a list of all programs using your Internet connection. Type activity.txt to open the file and view the program list.
• Try pressing Ctrl-Alt-Delete simultaneously and open up the Task Manager. Go to the process menu and close those processes that may be stealing your valuable bandwidth. (NOTE: Closing processes with unknown filenames may cause known programs to not function properly). There is a column with the User Name, and if that is "System", you'd better leave it alone until you stop using the program that needs it. But if the User is your own login name, then it is not crucial to the operating system, but may be needed by other programs, however you may experiment. Often the system will not allow closing of -- or will reopen -- needed system programs.
• After you have tried some of this try your connection again and see if it's running any faster. If it is better you may need to close those extras each time you restart your system until you set the startup list to not open them anymore.
• Check to see somebody else is using the internet on your home network. If somebody is downloading a lot of media from the internet, such as watching video or downloading large files, the host computer is using a lot of bandwidth and the other computers are using the remaining bandwidth.
• If you are using satelite internet, your internet connection might be altered because of wind (vibrations) and electrical activity in/among clouds, heavy snow, or rain and lightning, static, or other electrical interference.
• Tips
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• Call your ISP and have them verify all of your TCP/IP settings if you are concerned. Ask them to verify that your Proxy settings are correct.
• Don't expect dial up or moderate speed service to be fast. The Internet is primarily geared towards Broadband Connections, which is about 512kbs or higher Sometimes, you have to wait a little.
• Download programs that make browsing faster:
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• Loband.org is a browser inside of a browser that loads web pages without the images.
• Firefox and Opera both have options to disable images.
• In Firefox, you can also use extensions such as NoScript that let you block scripts and plug-ins that would otherwise slow things down a lot.
• If you are using Internet Explorer or Firefox, try downloading Google Web Accelerator. It is meant to speed up broadband connections, but it can also slow your Internet connection. Try enabling it and disabling it and see when your Internet connection runs faster.
• If you are using Firefox, download the Fasterfox extension and Firetune.
• Reduce the amount of programs running that use your Internet connection (Instant Messengers, RSS Feeders, and MS Applications set to send Internet data)
• Google Accessible is designed to search pages in order of how clean they are of junk. This will bring up pages that are usually not only easy to read, but are quick to load.
• Upgrade your RAM by getting more and/or faster memory. This will not only improve your regular computer use, but it will affect the speed of your Internet connection because your computer works faster.
• Use the Stop button to stop loading pages once you've gotten or seen what you want.
• Some times malware on your computer can eat up your bandwidth. Make sure you have an up-to-date malware protection program.
• Most Internet Providers have flaky DNS servers (no citation necessary, it's a given) - so, instead of using those provided by your ISP, switch your DNS servers to use those of OpenDNS. OpenDNS is far faster, and more reliable, simply using 208.67.222.222 and 208.67.220.220 as your domain name servers will speed up most flaky DNS problems (may even speed up your networking since OpenDNS has large caches).
• Look into running your own local DNS server on your network. Some newer routers may include their own nameserver, otherwise, check into AnalogX.com's FastCache program, it works great to hold commonly accessed domain names in the "cache" so that the IP addresses do not have to be looked up everytime you navigate to a new page.
• Keep current, updated anti-spyware, anti-virus and firewall programs, but you can have too many toolbars trying to verify and block the same sites. This may interfere with each other, creating conflicts. Use trusted download sites such as Freeware.com, Majorgeeks.com, ZDNet.com, and Adobe.com, Mozilla.com, Real.com and such which do a scan/check for problems in programs before posting them. Use the well-known sites for utility, shareware and freeware, then the programs are very likely to be safe, free programs.
• Avoid offbrand, lesser known, free-/share-ware software download-sites which "might be good", but should be checked, as best you can, as unknown ones might contain "unwanted or bad add-ons" such as viruses that may damage computers and disrupt software:
• Advertising-ware (adware),
• Spyware-trackers (often just report clicks on ads to get paid, or popup their own ads for selling something), or
• Contain untrusted tracking-cookies,
• Backdoor/trojan (hidden) programs, that could steal account info, identity.
• Ads by Google
• TB Bandwidth Initiative Rambus innovation advances differential signaling to 20Gbps
• www.rambus.com/tbi
• Tulip Telecom MPLS India's largest MPLS-VPN provider. Available across 2000+ locations.
• www.tulip.net
• EditWarnings
• 
  
• Viruses and malware can often use up your bandwidth and slow down your Internet connection. Make sure you have protection against this. Many ISP's will provide software for this. Make sure your anti-virus and malware scanners are up-to-date.
• Bypassing the router will leave you more vulnerable to attacks because you no longer have the built-in firewall from your router protecting you.
• Watch out for scams that may popup or be found on websites that claim to check your computer or Internet to tell you how much faster it could go, for free. They are often only a scanner to report "problems", but will usually not fix them until you (pay to) register the software or get the pro-version for their promised "remedy".
• Only download from the well-known free-/share-ware sites, then you may avoid programs that might do harm on your computer and/or other computers on your local network.

DOWNLOAD WINDOWS 8 DEVOLOPER EDITION 64-BIT

DOWNLOAD WINDOWS 8 DEVOLOPER EDITION 64-BIT

Windows 8 is the codename for the next version of the Microsoft Windows computer operating system following Windows 7.[3] It has many changes from previous versions. In particular it adds support for ARM microprocessors in addition to the previously supported x86 microprocessors from Intel and AMD. A new Start Screen interface has been added that was designed for touchscreen input in addition to mouse, keyboard, and pen input. Its server version is codenamed Windows Server 8.


Milestone leaks
A 32-bit Milestone 1 build, build 7850, with a build date of September 22, 2010, was leaked to BetaArchive, an online beta community, which was soon leaked to P2P/torrent sharing networks on April 12, 2011.[6] Milestone 1 includes a ribbon interface for Windows Explorer,[7] a PDF reader called Modern Reader, an updated task manager called Modern Task Manager,[8] and native ISO image mounting.[9]
A 32-bit Milestone 2 build, build 7927, was leaked to The Pirate Bay on August 29, 2011[10] right after many pictures leaked on BetaArchive the day before.[11] Features of this build are mostly the same as build 7955.[12]
A 32-bit Milestone 2 build, build 7955, was leaked to BetaArchive on April 25, 2011.[13] Features of this build included a new pattern login and a new file system known as Protogon.[14]
A Milestone 3 build, build 7971, was released to close partners of Microsoft on March 29, 2011[15] but was kept under heavy security. However, a few screenshots were leaked. The "Windows 7 Basic" theme now uses similar metrics to the Aero style, but maintains its non-hardware accelerated design, and also supports taskbar thumbnails. The boxes that encase the "close, maximize, and minimize" buttons have been removed, leaving just the signs.[16]
A 64-bit Milestone 3 build, build 7989, leaked to BetaArchive on June 18, 2011 after screenshots were revealed the previous day. An SMS feature, a new virtual keyboard, a new bootscreen, transparency in the basic theme, geo-location services, Hyper-V 3.0, and PowerShell 3.0 were revealed in this build.[17]


Hardware requirements


Microsoft says that the developer preview works well on hardware suitable for Windows Vista or 7.[47]
Minimum hardware requirements for Windows Developer Preview
Architecture IA-32 (32-bit) x86-64 (64-bit)
Processor 1 GHz
Memory (RAM) 1 GB 2 GB
Graphics Card DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver
HDD free space 16 GB 20 GB
A multi-touch screen is required to use touch input. For Metro applications, a screen resolution of 1024x768 or higher is required.
[edit]Secure Boot


Microsoft will require some new PCs to have the UEFI secure boot feature enabled by default to be given Windows 8 certification. There has been some concern that it could lead to machines that do not support alternative operating systems.[48][49][50] Microsoft has addressed the issue in a blog post,[51][52] stating that the manufacturer is free to choose which signatures are accepted by the feature and that the manufacturer is also free to offer the ability to turn off the secure boot feature.[53]
However, in January 2012, Microsoft announced it insists that manufacturers must offer such an option on x86 hardware but must not offer it on ARM hardware.[54][55][56]
On Page 116 of Microsoft's official guidelines to manufacturers is a paragraph detailing how and when supporting the enable/disable of Secure Boot should be permitted: -
MANDATORY: Enable/Disable Secure Boot.
On non-ARM systems, it is required to implement the ability to disable Secure Boot via firmware setup. A physically present user must be allowed to disable Secure Boot via firmware setup without possession of Pkpriv. Programmatic disabling of Secure Boot either during Boot Services or after exiting EFI Boot Services MUST NOT be possible.
Disabling Secure MUST NOT be possible on ARM systems.
This has caused an outrage among the Linux community as new ARM systems with Secure Boot prevents any OS eing installed on them, especially Linux, the 3rd most popular platform.
[edit]Compatibility


Windows 8 for x86 processors will run most software compatible with previous x86 versions of Windows, with the usual restrictions: 64-bit Windows will run also 32-bit software but not 16-bit ones; 32-bit Windows will optionally run 16-bit software if installed to do so, but will not run 64-bit software. Either 32- or 64-bit Windows can be installed on x86-64 processors. Some expertise in manipulating compatibility settings may be required to run, for example, 16-bit software for Windows 3.x under 32-bit Windows 8, in cases where it is possible. In particular, applications compatible with 32- and 64-bit Windows 7 will run in the same way on Windows 8.[57]
Windows 8 for ARM processors will not run software created for x86; software will have to be ported by its developers to create ARM executables from source code.[58][59]
Windows 8 Developer Preview is incompatible with some virtualization platforms, such as Virtual PC. A blog post by Microsoft notes that the setup process is error-prone when installing in a virtual machine, and installing without hardware virtualization support can be particularly problematic.[60] It is reported to work under VMware Workstation, VMware Player, VirtualBox, and Parallels Desktop for Mac — detailed instructions for installing in these environments have been published.[61][62]
Developers can write apps for Windows 8 in JavaScript and HTML, Visual Basic, C++, and C#.

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DIODE CLIPPING CIRCUITS

                                                DIODE CLIPPING CIRCUITS

This article explains the working of different diode clipper circuits like Positive and Negative Diode Clippers, Biased Clipper circuit, and Combinational Clipper Circuit with the help of circuit diagrams and waveforms.

The basic components required for a clipping circuit are – an ideal diode and a resistor. In order to fix the clipping level to the desired amount, a dc battery must also be included.  When the diode is forward biased, it acts as a closed switch, and when it is reverse biased, it acts as an open switch. Different levels of clipping can be obtained by varying the amount of voltage of the battery  and also interchanging the positions of the diode and resistor.

Depending on the features of the diode, the positive or negative region of the input signal is “clipped” off and accordingly the diode clippers may be positive or negative clippers.

There are two general categories of clippers: series and parallel (or shunt). The series configuration is defined as one where diode is in series with the load, while the shunt clipper has the diode in a branch parallel to the load.

1. Positive Clipper and Negative Clipper

Positive Diode Clipper

In a positive clipper, the positive half cycles of the input voltage will be removed. The circuit arrangements for a positive clipper are illustrated in the figure given below.

As shown in the figure, the diode is kept in series with the load. During the positive half cycle of the input waveform, the diode ‘D’ is reverse biased, which maintains the output voltage at 0 Volts. Thus causes the positive half cycle  to be clipped off. Dur­ing the negative half cycle of the input, the diode is forward biased and so the nega­tive half cycle appears across the output.

In Figure (b), the diode is kept in parallel with the load. This is the diagram of a positive shunt clipper circuit. During the positive half cycle, the diode ‘D’ is forward biased and the diode acts as a closed switch. This causes the diode to conduct heavily. This causes the voltage drop across the diode or across the load resistance R_L to be zero. Thus output voltage during the positive half cycles is zero, as shown in the output waveform. During the negative half cycles of the input signal voltage, the diode D is reverse biased and behaves as an open switch. Consequently the entire input voltage appears across the diode or across the load resistance R_L if R is much smaller than R_L

Actually the circuit behaves as a voltage divider with an output voltage of [R_L / R+ R_L] V_max = -V_maxwhen R_L >> R

Negative Diode Clipper

The negative clipping circuit is almost same as the positive clipping circuit, with only one difference. If the diode in figures (a) and (b) is reconnected with reversed polarity, the cir­cuits will become for a negative series clipper and negative shunt clipper respec­tively. The negative series and nega­tive shunt clip­pers are shown in figures (a) and (b) as given below.

In all the above discussions, the diode is considered to be ideal one. In a practical diode, the breakdown voltage will exist (0.7 V for silicon and 0.3 V for Germanium). When this is taken into account, the output wave­forms for positive and negative clippers will be of the shape shown in the figure below.

2. Biased Positive Clipper and Biased Negative Clipper

A biased clipper comes in handy when a small portion of positive or negative half cycles of the signal voltage is to be removed. When a small portion of the negative half cycle is to be removed, it is called a biased negative clipper. The circuit diagram and waveform is shown in the figure below.

TIn a biased clipper, when the input signal voltage is positive, the diode ‘D’ is reverse-biased. This causes it to act as an open-switch. Thus the entire positive half cycle appears across the load, as illustrated by output wave­form [figure (a)]. When the input signal volt­age is negative but does not exceed battery the voltage ‘V’, the di­ode ‘D’ remains reverse-biased and most of the input voltage ap­pears across the output. When during the nega­tive half cycle of input signal, the signal voltage becomes more than the battery voltage V, the diode D is forward biased and so conducts heavily. The output voltage is equal to ‘- V’ and stays at ‘- V’ as long as the magnitude of the input signal voltage is greater than the magnitude of the battery voltage, ‘V’. Thus a biased negative clipper removes input voltage when the input signal voltage becomes greater than the battery voltage. Clipping can be changed by reversing the battery and diode connections, as illustrated in figure (b).

Some of other biased clipper circuits are given below in the figure. While drawing the wave-shape of the output basic principle discussed above are followed. The diode has been considered as an ideal one.

3. Combination Clipper

When a portion of both positive and negative of each half cycle of the input voltage is to be clipped (or removed), combination clipper is employed. The circuit for such a clipper is given in the figure below.

The action of the circuit is summarized below. For positive input voltage signal when input voltage exceeds battery voltage ‘+ V₁‘ diode D₁ conducts heavily while diode ‘D₂‘ is reversed biased and so voltage ‘+ V₁‘ appears across the output. This output voltage ‘+ V₁‘ stays as long as. the input signal voltage exceeds ‘+ V₁‘. On the other hand for the negative input voltage signal, the diode ‘D₁‘ remains reverse biased and diode ‘D₂‘ conducts heavily only when input voltage exceeds battery voltage ‘V₂‘ in magnitude. Thus during the negative half cycle the output stays at ‘- V₂‘ so long as the input signal voltage is greater than ‘-V₂‘.

Drawbacks of Series and Shunt Diode Clippers

• In series clippers, when the diode is in ‘OFF’ position, there will be no transmission of input signal to output. But in case of high frequency signals transmission occurs through diode capacitance which is undesirable. This is the drawback of using diode as a series element in such clippers.
• In shunt clippers, when diode is in the ‘off condition, transmission of input signal should take place to output. But in case of high frequency input signals, diode capacitance affects the circuit operation adversely and the signal gets attenuated (that is, it passes through diode capacitance to ground).

post by JOJI JOSEY

DIODE CLAMPING CIRCUITS

                                                         DIODE CLAMPING CIRCUITS


In this article, the working of a clamping circuit is explained. The working of different clamping circuits like positive and negative clamper, with circuit diagrams and waveforms are given below.

A clamping circuit is used to place either the positive or negative peak of a signal at a desired level. The dc component is simply added or subtracted to/from the input signal. The clamper is also referred to as an IC restorer and ac signal level shifter.

In some cases, like a TV receiver, when the signal passes through the capacitive coupling network, it loses its dc component. This is when the clamper circuit is used so as to re-establish the the dc component into the signal input. Though the dc component that is lost in transmission is not the same as that introduced through a clamping circuit, the necessity to establish the extremity of the positive or negative signal excursion at some reference level is important.

A clamp circuit adds the positive or negative dc component to the input signal so as to push it either on the positive side, as illustrated in figure (a) or on the negative side, as illustrated in figure (b).

The circuit will be called a positive clamper , when the signal is pushed upward by the circuit. When the signal moves upward, as shown in figure (a), the negative peak of the signal coincides with the zero level.

The circuit will be called a negative clamper, when the signal is pushed downward by the circuit. When the signal is pushed on the negative side, as shown in figure (b), the positive peak of the input signal coincides with the zero level.

For a clamping circuit at least three components — a diode, a capacitor and a resistor are required. Sometimes an independent dc supply is also required to cause an additional shift. The important points regarding clamping circuits are:

(i) The shape of the waveform will be the same, but its level is shifted either upward or downward,

(ii) There will be no change in the peak-to-peak or rms value of the wave­form due to the clamping circuit. Thus, the input waveform and output waveform will have the same peak-to-peak value that is, 2V_max. This is shown in the figure above. It must also be noted that same readings will be obtained in the ac voltmeter for the input voltage and the clamped output voltage.

(iii) There will be a change in the peak and average values of the waveform. In the figure shown above, the input waveform has a peak value of V_max and average value over a complete cycle is zero. The clamped output varies from 2 V_max and 0 (or 0 and -2V_max). Thus ths peak value of the clamped output is 2V_max and average value is V_max.

(iv) The values of the resistor R and capacitor C affect the waveform.

(v) The values for the resistor R and capacitor C should be determined from the time constant equation of the circuit, t = RC. The values must be large enough to make sure that the voltage across the capacitor C does not change significantly during the time interval the diode is non-conducting. In a good clamper circuit, the circuit time constant t = RC should be at least ten times the time period of the input signal voltage.

It is advantageous to first consider the condition under which the diode becomes forward biased.

Clamping circuits are often used in television receivers as dc restorers. The signal that is sent to the TV receiver may lose the dc components after being passed through capacitively coupled amplifiers. Thus the signal loses its black and white reference levels and the blanking level. Before passing these signals to the picture tube, these reference levels have to be restored. This is done by using clamper circuits. They also find applications in storage counters, analog frequency meter, capacitance meter, divider and stair-case waveform generator.

Consider a negative clamping circuit, a circuit that shifts the original signal in a vertical downward direction, as shown in the figure below. The diode D will be forward biased and the capacitor C is charged with the polarity shown, when an input signal is applied. During the positive half cycle of input, the output voltage will be equal to the barrier potential of the diode, V₀ and the capacitor is charged to (V – V_Q). During the negative half cycle, the diode becomes reverse-biased and acts as an open-circuit. Thus, there will be no effect on the capacitor voltage. The resistance R, being of very high value, cannot discharge C a lot during the negative portion of the input wave­form. Thus during negative input, the output voltage will be the sum of the input voltage and the capacitor voltage and  is equal to – V – (V — V₀) or – (2 V – V₀). The value of the peak-to-peak output will be the difference of the negative and positive peak voltage levels is equal to V₀-[-(2V-V₀)]   or   2 V.

The figure shown below can me modified into a positive clamping circuit by reconnecting the diode  with reversed polarity. The positive clamping circuit moves the original signal in a vertical upward direction. A positive clamping circuit is shown in the figure below. It contains a diode D and a capacitor C as are contained in a negative clamper. The only difference in the circuit is that the polarity of the diode is reversed. The remaining explanation regarding the working of the circuit is the same as it is explained for the negative clamper.

To remember which way the dc level of a signal moves, look at figure shown below. Notice that the diode arrows point downward, the same direction as the dc shift.

.

Similarly in the figure shown below, the diode arrow points upward, again the same direction as the dc shifts. It means that, when the diode points upward. We have a positive dc clamper and when the diode points downward, the circuit 

is a negative dc clamper.

A number of clamping circuits with their effect on the input signal are shown in the figure given below. All the figures shown below  have the input and output signals in square waves, the same procedure can be used for sinusoidal inputs. In fact, one approach to the analysis of clamping networks with sinusoidal inputs is to replace the sinusoidal wave signal by a square wave of the same peak values. The resulting output will then form an envelope for the sinusoidal response, as illustrated in figure (g) for a network appearing in figure (f). The diodes have been assumed to be ideal and 5 RC » T/2 in drawing the output wave­forms.

different clamping circuits

post by JOJI JOSEY